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Virgin train crash Essay Example

Virgin train crash Essay On Friday 23 February 2007 a virgin train going from London to Glasgow wrecked and smashed at grayrigg, close to Kendal killing one individual and injuring five. The organization in the criticalness gathering was sure, complimentary and noble. It is regular marvel the distinctive assault of an issue from various writers in magazines, papers or even Television and remote projects. This subject is extremely of import. I looked in 4 changed beginnings: a ) communicatemagazine.co.uk B ) en.wikinews.org degree Celsius ) mediaroom.virgintrains.co.uk nutrient D ) books.google.gr A ) Communicatemagazine.co.uk ( 2009 ) In this article characterizes that Sir Richard Branson transformed a conceivably notoriety harming episode into a representation of best example emergency interchanges. During a PR gathering, the free editorial manager Simon kellner depicted Branson s giving of the emergency as virtuoso PR He other than included that Branson took the account off from being an institutional and open disaster and made it on about the courage of the train driver The article portrays the great conveying of the organization with the media with proficiency and exact way. It says that the leader of the organization was extremely passionate yet did nt accept the clank as his organization s botch. He even made the driver of the train as a legend. He other than point that if the train was more established the mishap would be most noticeably terrible with more expires and more stings. He even recognized web rail for being honorable in tolerating obligation for the mishap. B ) Wikinews.org ( 2007 ) We will compose a custom article test on Virgin train crash explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Virgin train crash explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Virgin train crash explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In this article the essayist talk progressively about the episode that the announcements of the organization and different components. The articles concentrate more to the 180 individuals that was installed, the clasp that the episode happens and what number of were the damages. Incorporate some announcement of constabulary A train has smashed among Oxenholme and Tebay, however that is all we know at the moment. We have two automobiles going at that place now and nearby constabularies are go toing , some announcement of emergency vehicle At the moment, we have investigations of arranged damages, from leg damages to embrace damages and caput harms, runing from youngster to fairly genuine From the liberation crew other than It s our anxiety there are a figure of individuals harmed on the train. We think there are army harms and an announcement simply of the leader of virgin organization that says that he originate from his get-aways to the site and did a hugeness gathering. He expresse d that virgin train Pendolino was fabricated like a defensively covered battle vehicle and accepted the way was to blame. He other than applauded the train driver that attempted to end the train then again of go forthing the cockpit. C ) Virgintrains.co.uk ( 2007 ) Here we have the official articles and explanations of the virgin organization. The noteworthiness office first presents the mishap on 24 February at 2 oclock and region that they examine the grounds of the mishap. Later on with another essentialness discharge they commended the driver and his bewildering occupation Mr Sir Richards said. He accept that the train was fabricated like a defensively covered battle vehicle and it is the more secure train you can be in. He other than states that he went to the clinics and saw a few doctors and individuals that were in the train. After 2 yearss the driver dealings about the mishap yet he do nt state anything about it in a similar it. He territory simply the help from the organization during the mishap, He other than states his despondency about the one dead and the damages. At a similar twenty-four hours the laminitis of virgin rail bunch offers some more expressions. He says that the tests move quickly, that his more prominent concern is t he individuals that are in the hospitals. He talk about some more indications during the mishap and finally he region that they are non the 1s that must be accused. D ) Michael Regester, A ; Judy Larkin ( 2008 ) In this article we have the full account and all the announcements. They talk about the mishap yet point of convergence on the test moreover, he procure a clean situation up the components that caused the mishap. Sir Richard Branson showed some respect for Network rail for tolerating the obligation for the mishap. He other than said It is non for us to blame however rather work near assurance that this neer happens again. He was cautious non to thump Network rail, in this manner keeping their working relationship. The essayists territory that he would hold essentially sustained what is seen to be a national activity on the other hand of railroad care. The scholars condemn laminitiss emergency strategy that was somewhat acceptable, The way that he left a family unit get-away to see the clank and his hailing of the train driver as a here contacts the human catastrophe. They other than state The now great archived toughness of the trains utilized by Virgin, combined with Branson s brill iant partner connection course, has implied that Virgin customers have non been deflected. Choice We have four articles talking about a similar mishap. Some of them are somewhat normal. The first aside from the depiction offers a few comments about the laminitis of Virgin and it shows up the laminitis as astute and with great emergency methods. The fourth slam other than the equivalent, in addition to have a more profound picture of the mishap with more components and proclamations. The third one, the official hugeness of the organization discusses the mishap and regions their organization emergency approach that they have nil to make with the mishap and they should nt be accused. They talk rather holding and they attempt to be strong. In the second article the essayist does nt travel in inside informations and he stays more in the account of the makes. It appears to be increasingly a data starting and nil more. The believability of the workplace noteworthiness and from the book appears to be increasingly precise, the first is the official arrivals of the organization and the sec ond a decent in general research for the mishap. The scholars appear to cognize great the occurrence. The third article believability exists since its general data that discharged. In the main article the author appears to be conceivable for the data however he communicates his estimation other than. Each of the four articles helped me to hold a progressively broad assault in the issue. Some of them gave me additional data and some with flotsam and jetsam data. In the wake of understanding what those four articles state, one feel that I know rather great the issue. Communicatemagazine.co.uk ( 2009, June 29 ) . Bosses of disasters: Virgin trains. Recovered November 10, 2009, from hypertext move convention:/www.communicatemagazine.co.uk/index.php? option=com_content A ; view=article A ; id=326: aces of-fiascos A ; catid=44: currentissue A ; Itemid=113 Wikinews.org ( 2007, February 23 ) . Virgin Train clanks in England. Recovered November 10, 2009 from hypertext move convention:/en.wikinews.org/wiki/Virgin_Train_crashes_in_England Virgintrains.co.uk ( 2007, February 26 ) . Grayrigg crash proclamation from virgin trains ( 1 ) A ; ( 2 ) . Recovered November 10, 2009 from hypertext move convention:/mediaroom.virgintrains.co.uk/2007_02_01_archive.html Virgintrains.co.uk ( 2007, February 26 ) . Valiant train driver lauded by Sir Richard Branson. Recovered November 10, 2009 from hypertext move convention:/mediaroom.virgintrains.co.uk/2007_02_01_archive.html Virgintrains.co.uk ( 2007, February 26 ) . Explanation from Iain Black, driver at virgin trains. Recovered November 10, 2009 from hypertext move convention:/mediaroom.virgintrains.co.uk/2007_02_01_archive.html Virgintrains.co.uk ( 2007, February 26 ) . Virgin Trains invite brief distribution of Rail Accident Investigation Branch s starting examination on Grayrigg crash. Recovered November 10, 2009 from hypertext move convention:/mediaroom.virgintrains.co.uk/2007_02_01_archive.html Michael Regester, A ; Judy Larkin ( 2008 ) . Hazard Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations: CASE STUDY: VIRGIN TRAIN CRASH ( pp 188, 190, 191 )

Easy Small Essay Topics

Easy Small Essay TopicsEasy small essay topics are the keys to writing a perfect essay. It's simple really. You need to be able to provide some thought provoking information about the subject matter of your essay.The trick to writing great essays is to choose the essay topics that you will really enjoy writing about. Essay topics that are easy to write about are those that can be viewed from several angles. These are the types of topics that can make you look smart as well as help you get into the heads of your reader.One of the best essay topics is the one that can help to define a term that is important in a given situation. For example, consider the term 'key' for the case of an essay about hockey. An easy small essay topic might be 'What is a key?' Another good type of essay topic would be something about vocabulary.Easy small essay topics can also be found in writing for a specific style. For example, if you are interested in writing about soccer and its players, you may want to consider what type of football you are talking about and what is common between your specific team and their opponents. Other choices include writing about your own team or that of another school, or writing about your favorite player or team. Some ideas may even include observing other games on television.There are a lot of essay topics that are easy to write about. Many of them are not that difficult at all. Examples of these are the following: world history, politics, anatomy, geography, psychology, literature, and philosophy. These types of topics can take up just a small amount of space on a page, but they may also involve several different types of thought, which makes them very interesting.Now let's consider some of the less obvious essays topics. One of the most popular essay topics is one about the history of a country. While you could write about the history of the entire world, this is probably not the best idea because it is a little too vast for a single page, plus, yo u would probably not be able to make it interesting, since most people read about the countries they live in, at least in the newspapers.Another common essay topics is one about a specific event in your life. If you are involved in a big life change, this could be an excellent topic. For example, if you have recently moved to a new town and have no family nearby to stay with, this may be a good topic to write about. You could also write about something that you have discovered during your travels.Easy small essay topics can be found, provided you look around long enough. Once you start looking, however, you should stop before you run out of good ideas, because there are a ton of them.

Consideration For Management Trainee In Your Company - 275 Words

Consideration For Management Trainee In Your Company (Essay Sample) Content: Mrs. STRAPOLA KATHINI NZOMODear sir/madam,RE: : CONSIDERATION FOR MANAGEMENT TRAINEE IN YOUR COMPANY.I am writing to express my interest in being considered for job position in your company. I have completed my bachelors degree in BSc. Horticultural Science Management at University of Eldoret.As part of my studies, I participated in industrial attachment at Karen Roses Eldama Ravine for two months. Where I gotten experience on; Scouting, pest and disease control of various crops, interpretation and keeping of scouting records, Management of personnel in the department, Knowledge of the Company Integrated System,Keeping of records based on companys ICM system, Raw materials grading and Pack house management and operations.I bring to any job a strong work ethic and desire to succeed, willingness to co-operate with others and a need to produce quality work. As a result of knowledge and s...

Yoga And Mental Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 744 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Yoga Essay Did you like this example? A person in such state is called a healthy person or Swastha. In this definition, Samadosha indicates the normal condition of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The imbalanced conditions that is either lower or higher condition is a state of disease. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Yoga And Mental Health" essay for you Create order Likewise, Samagni means the normal condition or quality of the body’s Agni, the power or energy. If the Agni is abnormal and in low quality, it is called Mandagni. Mandagni also brings the state of disease. Ayurveda describes 7 types of body’s components which are called Sapta-Dhatu. These seven Dhatu includes Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Medas, Asthi, Majja and Shukra. All these components should be in balance and their functions must be proper, otherwise it is the abnormal state of health. The elimination of wastages is called Mala-Kriya. The balanced state of the Mala like Purisa (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sweda (Sweat) in the body also determines health or illness in the body. Ayurveda gives equal importance to the mental health. The Sutra gives more emphasis to the mental well-being. If a person wants to be healthy, his sensory and motor organs and mind have to be in happy and pleasant conditions instead of griefful, sad and imbalanced mind which leads to psychosomatic dis eases. Unhealthy body and mind do not play any role in the overall development of an individual, a society and a nation, but instead it harms the individual. Physical and mental health are important in every fields of economics, education, value, information, science, technology etc. The condition of mental health depends on different human qualities. Yogic theory of mental and personal quality is based on Tri-Guna such as Sattvika, Rajas and Tamas Guna of Vedic concept. Among these three Gunas, Sattva represents positive, stable, peaceful, joyful and blissful condition of mind which leads to positive behavior; Rajas represents unstabale, naughty, helter-skeltar and disorganized condition of mind which leads to excessive attachment over materialistic things, momentary pleasures and ultimately, it disturbs the mind and mental health. Sharma Tiwari (1993, p. 457) stated that according to Atharva-Veda, the one who behaves abnormally and is unable to keep the Guna’s level in a sufficient balance, he or she goes to abnormal condition. The ancient and modern thoughts are similar in the case of normal and abnormal behavior. According to brown (1940), â€Å"The chief tenet of modern psychopathology is that abnormal psychological phenomena are simply exaggeration s (i.e. overdevelopments or under-developments) or disguised (i.e., perverted) developments of normal psychological phenomena† (p.6). Since ancient age, the concept of the mental health and illness was developed. In Atharva-Veda, the nature of abnormal psychology and its therapy is included as insanity, mania, seizure-hysteria, epilepsy, fear-phobia, schizophrenia paranoia type, anger-rage, jealousy, feeling guilt and inferiority; eroticism, evil dream, sharp compulsive evil suggestion, memory and learning improvement, energising ego; integration and social harmony. Singh Tiwari, Ibid. pp. 457-458 Pradhan (2016), addressed that mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspective of the discipline of positive psychology or holism, mental health may include an individual’s ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. The review of literature revealed that the state of the mental health depends on work and workplace; behavior of friends, family members, teachers; quality of relationship and support from the ones considered close such as parents, family members; physical conditions; social participations, learning and teaching methods, family environment and financial condition. According to the scriptures of yoga, action (Karma), quality (Guna) and state of Chitta determines a person’s performance and overall mental health. Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Persons Lewkan (1949) defined mentally healthy person as the one who is happy, lives peacefully with her/his neighbours, strives to makes his children healthy citizens and after fulfilling such basic responsibilities is still empowered with sufficient strength to save the cause of the society. A mentally healthy person has some characteristics and indicators, among them the major ones are enlisted below: 1. Self respect, feeling selfless, secure and reverence for other 2. Positive emotions and autoenthusiasm 3 . Behaviour according to time/situation and adjustment 4. Knowledge and acceptance of one’s own shortcomings 5. True knowledge or estimation and right decision 6. General Intelligence and genuine contact with reality 7. Knowledge of own power and ability 8. Organized personality and hardworking 9. Firm determination and role execution 10. Learning from experience 11. Equal emphasis on personality, performance and behaviour Mishra Mishra (1989, p. 13-16)

Dantes Divine Comedy - Good and Evil in The Inferno Essay

Lessons of Good and Evil in The Inferno In The Inferno, Dante explores the ideas of Good and Evil. He expands on the possibilities of life and death, and he makes clear that consequences follow actions. Like a small generator moving a small wheel, Dante uses a single character to move through the entire of Hells eternity. Yet, like a clock, that small wheel is pivotal in turning many, many others. This single character, Dante himself, reveals the most important abstract meaning in himself: A message to man; a warning about mankinds destiny. Through his adventures, Dante is able to reveal many global concepts of good and evil in humanity. Dante represents mankinds potential. He falls to the temptations of this world,†¦show more content†¦And in so doing, we also are running from the only possible way to gain that Joy: The reason and faith that have the power to guide us. Why do we not enter into Hell ourselves and conquer our fears? Upon the gates of Hell rest the warning which drives us back towards the Mount every time we think to turn back: Abandon all hope ye who enter here. At the foot of the Mount of Joy rest the three Beasts, of our own creation, which drive us back into the Woods. Were stuck between a very big rock and a very hard place. Eventually some do abandon all hope and enter into Hell... never to return. It is with reason and faith alone that we can enter into Hell and be guided to a safe return. Reason, logic, and pure thought are the compasses of humanity. Unfortunately, today no one even bothers to look at the compass or to ask for directions. The lack of logic and reason in our everyday decisions leads to the larger scale chaos that results from apathetic actions. Slowly, almost imperceptibly, as in Dantes case, we have slipped from our guide of Reason and shown pity to people, like Francesca and Paolo, who fall to carnal lusts, or to those like in the Wood of the Suicides. Like Dante, we are only too eager to hear their stories and report back to those above, still in the Dark Wood, of their fate. We feel as though the punishment which God, in His great Wisdom, has dealt out for them were unfair. And we fear for our ownShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 PagesCommedia, or more commonly known as The Divine Comedy remains a poetic masterpiece depicting truth and sin. The Divine Comedy, through the journey into the three hells, expresses a universal truth of good versus evil. Alighieri’s life of heartbreak with the influences of other famous poets like Homer and Virgil has affected his writing style, and through reviews by literary experts and their interpretation of Alighieri’s unique use of motifs, The Divine Comedy can be broken down to a epic that expressesRead MoreComparative Essay Macbeth and Inferno1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri Inferno The poem Inferno is about a man who has â€Å"lost the path that does not stray† (Inferno, Canto I, line 3) where â€Å"the path† represents the path to Heaven. Dante, having strayed from the path, is in danger of being sent to Hell. When Beatrice, whom Dante loved before her early death, finds out that Dante has strayed she becomes worried that he will not be able to join her in Heaven. Beatrice wants to help Dante find God again, but because she is an angelRead MoreDante Alighieri ( 1265-1321 )1353 Words   |  6 PagesCampaldino. 2. There was a lot of political unrest during Dante’s lifetime, as well as a horde of new poetical and literary movements that arose. This was due to the Guelfi Party’s split into two: those in favor of the pope and those in favor of the emperor. In addition, the new poetical movement that came about was called the â€Å"Stilnovo†, and was basically a style where poets would discuss their feelings of love and theorize about love. 3. Dante’s wife, Gemma Donati, does not have as large an influenceRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, Islam, and Dante ´s: What Are We? Essay817 Words   |  4 Pages Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Dante’s: What are we? The Inferno is the first part of Dante Alighieris epic three-part poem, The Divine Comedy. In this poem, Dante develops many themes throughout the adventures of his travelers from political to religious. The Inferno is a poem that Dante used to explain and show his ideas of Gods divine justice. Throughout this story religion comes up and shows the comparison of the different Hells and beliefs. This paper develops the connectionsRead MoreGreek Vrs Christian Views1283 Words   |  6 Pages The Christian view of evil and the Greek view of evil are complete opposites as depicted in Dante Alighieri’s play The Divine Comedy: Inferno compared to Euripides play Medea. The Christian view differs from the Greek account of evil by the belief in God. The Christian view has clear boundaries of good and bad behavior as shown in Inferno while the Greek belief is that nothing is inherently evil as seen in Medea. The Christian and Greek views differ on the punishment directly related or unrelatedRead MoreThe True Meaning of Dante ´s Inferno Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough The Divine Comedy chronicles Dantes journey from the depths of Hell to the glory of Heaven it contains a deeper meaning. Dante reveals the true meaning of the Inferno through his leading motif, his interactions between the sinners, and the intertwining of other literary works into the Inferno. The repeated motif of the number three is used to represent the Holy Trinity and all things holy. The first evidence of the number three comes not from the story but from the The Divine Comedy itselfRead More Dantes Inferno: Dantes Journey Toward Enlightenment Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesDantes Inferno: Dantes Journey Toward Enlightenment While reading Dante’s Inferno I couldn’t help but draw parallels between the journey of the protagonist and the belief system of the Buddhist religion. Dante believed we must understand sin before we can reject it, and Buddha believed that before we can reject sin, we must suffer also. Examining these two tenets side by side makes the similarities undeniably apparent; they both seem to be purporting the message that there cannot be painRead MoreDante Alighieri : An Italian Poet1552 Words   |  7 Pageshis writing, maturing. His views on the world and of himself changed during this time, including his political, religious, and economic action. His writings reflect his life struggles in his writing. The Devine Comedy was Dante s greatest and final piece. Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy is a reflection of his Christian beliefs. It incorporates biblical figures but also characters in Pagan, Greek, and Roman mythology. The most important character is besides Dante himself is Virgil, who is also PaganRead MoreInside Inferno by Dante Alighieri: A Story within a Story1178 Words   |  5 PagesInferno is only a piece of a much larger story written by Dante Alighieri. The entire story is called the Divine Comedy, which is composed of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Together these three pieces tell the story of Dantes journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise; something that is easily discernible through reading the titles of each part. Dante wrote these poems somewhere around the year 1300. Originally written in what Dante referred to as Latin, there have been many different translationsRead MoreThe Myths Of The Underworld1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe myths of the underworld reflect many ideas in regard to the journey through hell. In Dante’s Divine Comedy, readers are able to take a deeper look at how myths are represented at a psychological level through the importance of death and rebirth.As Dante progresses through the imaginary journey of Hell, Hell’s inferno is represented by the nine regions arranged around the wall of a huge funnel in nine concentric circles. As the hero, Dante starts his journey by losing his way on the true path

Elecriccity and Magnatism free essay sample

A hostile takeover defense wherein the target firm makes its stock less attractive to a potential acquirer is called Choose one answer. | a. a standstill agreement. | | | b. greenmail. | | | c. a poison pill. | | | d. We will write a custom essay sample on Elecriccity and Magnatism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page crossing the palm with silver. | | Question 38 Marks: 1 Compared to managers, shareholders prefer Choose one answer. | a. riskier strategies with greater diversification for the firm. | | | b. riskier strategies with more focused diversification for the firm. | | | c. safer strategies with more focused diversification for the firm. | | | d. afer strategies with greater diversification for the firm. | | The Enron employee who reported the financial manipulations at the company to her superiors can be considered to have engaged in Choose one answer. | a. an act of courage. | | | b. white-collar crime. | | | c. vindictive disloyalty. | | | d. managerial opportunism. | | Question 40 Marks: 1 The longer the focus of managerial incentive compensation, the greater the ____ top-level managers. Choose one answer. | a. earnings potential for | | | b. incentives for | | | c. potential tax burden for | | | d. risks borne by | | Marks: 1 The choices that a firm has for entering the international market include all of the following EXCEPT Choose one answer. | a. acquisition. | | | b. leasing. | | | c. exporting. | | | d. licensing. | | Question 36 Marks: 1 There are few true mergers because Choose one answer. | a. few firms have complementary resources. | | | b. of managerial resistance. True mergers result in significant managerial-level layoffs. | | | c. integration problems are more severe than in outright acquisitions. | | | d. one firm usually dominates in terms of market share, size, or value of assets. | | Market power is derived primarily from the Choose one answer. | a. size of a firm and its resources and capabilities. | | | b. core competencies of the firm. | | | c. depth of a firm strategy. | | | d. quality of a firm top management team. | | Question 34 Marks: 1 The use or application of entrepreneurship within an established firm is called Choose one answer. | a. transformational leadership. | | | b. corporate entrepreneurship. | | | c. corporate emergence. | | | d. exceptional Ramp;D. | | Four perspectives are integrated to form the balanced scorecard framework. The financial perspective focuses on the view of the firm by the Choose one answer. | a. employee. | | b. general society. | | | c. customer. | | | d. shareholder. | | Question 32 Marks: 1 Managers may decide to invest ____ in products that are not associated with the firm’s current lines of business to increase the firm’s level of diversification and decrease their employment risk. Choose one answer. | a. free cash flows | | | b. unsubstantial prof its | | | c. marginal profits | | | d. frozen assets | | An international diversification strategy is one in which a firm Choose one answer. | a. acquires a firm in a foreign country | | | b. expands into a potentially large number of geographic locations and markets | | | c. xpands into one or a few markets | | | d. expands into nearby markets | | Question 30 Marks: 1 Firms needing to change their strategies should Choose one answer. | a. emphasize the training and development of internal managerial talent. | | | b. implement transformational leadership. | | | c. focus on their core customer base. | | | d. create more heterogeneous top management teams. | | The primary responsibility for effective strategic leadership of the organization rests with the Choose one answer. | a. top management team. | | | b. stakeholders. | | | c. CEO. | | | d. board of directors. | | Question 28 Marks: 1

The Subjective Nature of Management Literature Review

Introduction Management practice is often assumed to be the execution of pre-set and pre-determined action plans which fall into place smoothly during actualisation. Managers are probably looked at as a group of professionals whose roles and responsibilities only mean turning strategies into reality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Subjective Nature of Management: Literature Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their work seems cut-out and only awaiting simple procedural implementation by those with the right technical know-how. However, in real life scenario, managers actually face more challenging tasks than simply executing what is written on paper. Organisations undergo a lot of challenges and obstacles, all of which seems to be conspiring to rebuff the attainment of such pre-set goals and objectives. This paper analyses in detail the subjective nature of management and explains how flexible the manage ment role should be if any tangible results have to be attained. Role Transitions in Management Any managerial role or duty undergoes a transition or change because of numerous reasons. The transition cycle of a manager can be thus summarised into 4 easy phases: Preparation All managers must have prior preparations about their anticipations and targeted goals and objectives. This process involves extensive and comprehensive planning where a manager lays out a number of alternative strategies to aid him in execution. The alternative strategies come about as a result of anticipated problems which may affect the entire running of the organisation. The future is shrouded in a lot of uncertain situations and conditions and therefore managers must give room during their planning in order to accommodate such uncertain scenarios (Atkinson, 1984). Encounter During this phase, managers are emotionally concerned about the task or challenge that lies ahead. Practically, managers at this phase e ngage in a lot of sense making activities in order to try and shape up and align the psychological state of their workers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The understanding is that there are possibilities of encountering person-job misfit due to various reasons. It is not so obvious that a perfect match will be realised at 100 percent. There could be some individual shortcomings at the individual level which could limit their effectiveness and overall performance (Barley, 1989). Adjustment This phase directly builds from phase 2 which is encountering. The manager, after realising and noting misfits in his team, must make arrangements to correct the mistakes. Thus, adjustments will be done accordingly which will involve development of roles that perfectly matches personal capabilities such that any possibilities of misfit are addressed. The occurrence of an unanticipated busi ness situation must be addressed through a perfect readjustment of strategy because the company has to find a way out of the situation. Strategy readjustment is a very crucial stage because it could either make or break the organisation. If the adjustments are done in a perfect manner and in good time, the organisation will be able continue with operations without too much effect. However, delays in implementing readjustments may turn out to be costly to the firm even if the strategy itself is the best. Stabilisation The manager assumes that finally, the transition will attain stability where there is a perfect person-role fit. However, in actual sense, stabilisation is never permanent. It is a temporary state which managers should never sit back and enjoy. This is attributable to the fact that management is dynamic and is actually dictated with a lot of forces, some of which are external and the company has little control over. Therefore, as soon as things begin appearing stabilise d, the management should quickly think of restarting the entire process again because this is an endless life cycle. A stable condition, although is good and most preferred, must be constantly be observed to ensure deviations are not encountered. Transition challenges The transition process may not be an easy smooth ride for the manager as it may appear on paper. In some instances, the manager will face counter actions from the workers who do not approve or agree with the entire process. In some other instances, the transition could be taken positively which will ultimately result in a positive gain for both the worker and the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Subjective Nature of Management: Literature Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A worker who positively accepts the transition will often develop expectations that are positive and helpful. He will be more confident in coping with the e xpectations and enjoy in sense-making. Additionally, such a worker will target developing relations within the organisation through sustained trust, commitment, as well as effectiveness with tasks (Bauer Morrison Callister, 1998). On the other hand, workers who regard transition in bad light will often be fearful and express a lot of reluctance and lack of preparedness. During the encounter phase of the transition, managers will have a problem because such workers will always tend to be shocked. They feel dejected, and full of regrets. Trying to adjust such workers would only turn out to be disastrous as they will never fit in any role, they will generally be degraded and grieving. The imminent result of this scenario is failure to attain objectives as the worker may never reach the stabilisation stage (Coupland, 2002). Transition cycles and their implications The general understanding that success breeds success should be what governs managers in their roles to steer the organisat ion towards objectives and roles. Individuals in organisations are more likely faced with the possibility of being ‘locked in’ in their own assumptions of transition cycles. It is, however, possible to break this pattern following the intervention of numerous factors. Managers who themselves suffered from a terrible career mistake could occasion a very difficult work role transitions. For instance, the preparation stage of a transition cycle is meant to be a time to develop anticipation through modelling expectations, feelings, and motives. However, erroneous expectations will cause a highly negative mismatch thus resulting into an encounter phase that will be more consistent with a transition cycle that is only but negative (Jones, 1986). The switch from either transition could occur at any particular stage although it is more likely that it be witnessed during the encounter stage. Thus, managers need to ask themselves whether they really understand whatever they are p ursuing and whether the strategy they are planning to employ is the best suited.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mistakes in management and decision making put the entire organisation at a very precarious position as it could mean loss of resources and time. Misapprehension right at the planning and preparation phase makes it difficult for the encounter stage to have any positive (Agyris Schon, 1978). Forming expectations Rousseau (2001) opines that workers in possession of high experiences in their roles and duties will most often have schemas that are more developed. Comparatively, experienced workers readily understand why they are working in a given organisation than fresh graduates from school. The latter care more about what it means for them to be employed in the organisation. Managers, on the other hand, determine a number of experiences which they consider as basic in helping with their decision making. These experiences build up right from childhood through to the time of making that actual decision. Managers who undertook responsibilities in their childhood, such as watching over s iblings, are more likely to draw their decisions from as far as such escapades. Influences to the manager in his or her early childhood life from role models, like teachers, also bear a lot of influence to their decision making process (Berger Luckmann, 1967). These experiences model the development of role schemas and self-schemas in managers. It is possible, therefore, that discernible experiences to the manager could be part of his decision making process. Decisions may also be affected by such variables as age, gender, and social class among many others (Hill, 2000). The proposals of these differences are not as a result of ‘individual difference’, such as traits or styles. Instead, their formation is based on commonality of experience which may result in individuals depicting similar schemas. A manager who has changed jobs has already undergone several transitions in terms of his occupation as well as in terms of organisational structure. Individuals who began wor k, changed organisations, got promoted, and studied for professional qualifications, for instance, can be grouped as experienced newcomers. Managers are poised to have high and elaborate schemata in as far as matters concerning their identity as professionals, as well as their roles are concerned. This will have a bearing on whatever work-role transition they undergo. Newcomers, on their part, will have their biographies and other past experiences influencing their initial experiences. It is of significant importance for both managers and organisations to give this issue a deeper thought. A new manager who has just joined the organisation may have different existing role schemas to those held by the workers in the organisation. Such a scenario is more likely to occur in cross-cultural management, where a manager from a different country may be posted to another country. Overly, representing the schemas’ content such that a mutual understanding of the organisation or individua l is realised could be a difficult thing (Mankiw, 1998). Issues for consideration by mangers during expectation A managerial role performance is inextricably connected with knowledge or understanding of how the organisation is set. Managers must understand the operations of an organisation for it to be able to attain desired results and objectives. Thus, managers should be fairly sophisticated in their field and also understand what the organisation’s construct and way of operation is. However, it is also thought that managers could be most useful at such a time of unfamiliarity. This is because they will look at the organisation and its existing workers in a different way. It thus makes it easier for them to question practices and operations that exist and change them for the getter (Louis, 1980). For managers, role expectation is a particularly challenging area because of the complexities that are involved. Organisations sometimes hire managers for the simple reason that th eir recruitment is against the grain of what exists in terms of individuals and organisational culture. The reason behind such hiring of new managers is to bring change I the organisation. It is important to point out, however, that such appointments often set the manager to a very complex work-role transition. It is common knowledge that all organisations would wish to have workers who will comfortably fit into the organisational structure. The presence of an ill-fitting individual, nonetheless, is done deliberately so that the individuals could encounter a tinge of discomfort. Encountering reality All organisations encounter a clash between their anticipations with what the real life situation offers. Such deviations are what enable managers to become aware of the real organisation environment. In other words, schemas will often be changed in such a way that they match the environment more accurately. Managers will find themselves in very unfamiliar position whenever their plans f ail to match the expectations. They are expected, in such a scenario, to get the organisation around the unfavourable condition or obstacle. Managing through such an unfavourable condition would call for introduction of drastic measures which are very different from the original ones that were being pursued by the organisation. The manager, therefore, has to spend time studying the unfavourable condition and determine what counter strategies could be more appropriate. This crisis planning is done within very limited time constraints as continued delay could further hurt the organisation’s prospects. A manager, therefore, has to revisit the transition cycle and rearrange it such that it would be possible for the results to reflect positively on the organisation. Planning should identify new aims and objectives that are different from the ones that existed before the uncertain condition occurred. Roles of the workers must also be swiftly rearranged depending on their individual strengths, experience, and capabilities. Workers must accurately be selected for their specific roles because the organisation has little time to gauge their performances. Although general theories about management could still be applied to help solve out the matter, the scenario becomes more subjective and requires that action be taken depending on what the challenge is like (Watson, 2001). Management knowledge and changing scenarios Management perspectives that were postulated by early scholars, including Marslow and Lewin, were never linearly related but rather recursive in nature. In other words, knowledge of management moves in different directions, allowing managers time and freedom to manipulate changes that could result in better performance. Management knowledge in itself is an epistemological chain of facts and thought. In pursuing the organisation’s goals and objectives, managers are free to use or even create tools that they deem relevant in the performance of th eir roles. They do this through transforming the complex epistemological theories that were postulated by early scholars, instead turning them into ontological heuristic that are more simplified (Rousseau, 1995). Paradoxically, the artifactual heuristics become atheoretical, where they are removed from the original theories that formulated them and applied by the managers. Managers must be able to derive independent constructs of a particular theory and employ its direct knowledge in order to enable him make proper judgement as pertains a realistic situation in his managerial duties. The key source of a manager’s next course of action when faced with a complex situation is a past experience. The selection process is also a key source of expectation which the manager relies on. The external forces upon which the organisation acts are continuous and managers should never sit back without thinking about how to react in case an unfavourable condition occurred. Currently, the glob al economic crisis continues to ravage economies across the world without basing on specific countries. The world economy is closely knitted and therefore whatever happens in one corner of the world is more likely to affect other areas either directly or indirectly. This realisation eliminates the need to focus on rigid frameworks because the organisation has to flexibly react on environmental changes. Some of the reactionary measures that managers undertake to mitigate the effects of the unsavoury situation includes laying workers off and cutting down on expenditure costs. These drastic measures means the organisation may not be within means of actualising the original objective or target of the organisation. However, it settles for a fallback objective that may overly not leave the organisation injured. When managers make drastic changes to the organisational goals and targets, their decision is mainly influenced by the firm’s profitability. Such expenditures as on workersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ salaries and other additional operations costs such as power and water bills are often targeted in ensuring that unnecessary spending is completely done away with. In dealing with the ongoing global economic crisis, some multinational firms have decided to close down their subsidiaries which are located in hard hit areas. Some other companies have shut down operations in their numerous divisions which seem to have low profitability levels while maintaining operations in divisions that are comparatively profitable enough (Chell, 1998). Career transition in management Expectations by managers transform over time as they gain experience in their performance. Managerial roles are intricate and the extensive work experience makes managers to have more elaborated schemas. The manager’s role, nonetheless, is shaped up by the numerous environmental mixes which, together, influence the activity and operations of organisation (Allen Meyer, 1990). Conclusion Organisations often identify their goals, aims, and objectives in advance before employing strategies that would enable the attainment of these set targets. Managers are charged with the responsibility of ensuring the organisation moves towards attaining these goals. Their knowledge and expertise is particularly very important in ensuring the organisation stays within course as it focuses on the goal. However, the environment within which organisations operate is not certain and a lot of factors affect the smooth running of the organisations thus making their initial targets unachievable. Managers are forced to readjust their actions in order to ensure that the targets could be achievable. One of the tools that managers use to try and realign the organisation is the transition cycle. This cycle enables managers to put plans across that the also anticipate changes along the way. Once the manager has planned, there needs to be an emotional and sense making process whose objective is to ensure all worker s within the organisation are perfectly arranged to perform roles. Where a mismatch may occur for one reason or the other, the manager needs to readjust his strategy so that it may fit within the objectives. Readjustment leads to stabilisation where the organisation maintains its performance within the parameters of the objective determine. This cycle is continuous and should never stop at any stage even if it appears as though the organisation is stable. List of References Agyris, C Schon, DA 1978, Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Allen, NJ Meyer, JP 1990, ‘Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, pp. 847-858. Atkinson, J 1984. ‘Managing strategies for flexible organizations’, Personnel Management, Vol. 16 No. 8, pp. 28-31. Barley, SR 1989, â€Å"Careers, Identities and Institut ions: The legacy of the Chicago School of Sociology†, In M.B. Arthur, D.T. Hall B.S. Lawrence (Eds), Handbook of career theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bauer, TN Morrison, EW, Callister, RR, 1998, ‘Organizational socialisation: A review and directions for future research’, Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, Vol. 16, pp. 149-214. Berger, PL Luckmann, T, 1967, The social construction of reality, London: Penguin. Chell, E 1998, â€Å"Critical incident technique,† In Symon, G. and Cassell, C. (eds), Qualitative methods in organizational analysis and research: a practical guide, Penguin, London Coupland, C 2002, ‘Graduate trainees’ career narrative: fractured or flexible?’ Proceedings of the British Psychological Society Occupational Psychology Conference. Hill, RC 2000, ‘The case of the missing organizations: Co-operatives and the textbooks’, Journal of Economic Education, Vol. 31 No.3, pp. 28 1-296. Jones, GR 1986, ‘Socialisation tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers’ adjustment to organizations’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 262-279. Louis, MR 1980, ‘Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 25, pp. 226-251. Mankiw, NG 1998, ‘Rethinking economic principles: Critical essays on introductory textbooks’, Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 24 No.1, pp. 117-120. Rousseau, DM 1995, Psychological contracts in organizations: understanding written and unwritten agreements, Sage, Newbury Park, CA Rousseau, DM 2001, ‘Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74 No.4, pp. 511-542. Watson, TJ 2001, ‘The emergent manager and processes of management pre-learning’, Management Learning, Vol. 32 No.2, pp. 221-2 35 This essay on The Subjective Nature of Management: Literature Review was written and submitted by user Darth Maul to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Runaway Jury

The Runaway Jury John Grisham, author of The Runaway Jury, is considered by many as the â€Å"king of the legal thriller† (Runaway). He brings a background to his writing that earns him this title honestly. Born February 8, 1955, in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Grisham grew up with hopes of becoming a professional baseball player. Some time later he realized that he was not talented enough for the job, so he enrolled in college. After graduating from the University of Mississippi, he attended law school and in 1981, earned a law degree. He practiced law for nearly a decade, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation. During this time, his interest turned to politics, and in 1983, he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives where he served two terms (John). While in office, Grisham began writing his first novel, A Time to Kill, which was published in 1989. With that book’s success, he decided to give up his job as a politician to become a full-time nov elist, publishing a book nearly every year from that time on. The Runaway Jury, his seventh book, was published in 1996 (Grisham). In all, Grisham has written fifteen books. Six of those books have been made into movies (Movies). Currently in production, â€Å"Runaway Jury† is expected to be released in 2003 (Yahoo). In 1996, Grisham returned to the courtroom one last time, this time to represent the family of a railroad brakeman who was killed when he was pinned between two of the railcars. This resulted in Grisham’s biggest win to date with an award of $683,500 to his client (John). Even when Grisham is not writing, he is extremely busy. He divides his time between his family, charity work and refereeing on one of the six ball fields he built for the twenty-six Little League teams in his area. The Runaway Jury is the story of a tobacco trial set in Biloxi, Mississippi, and is loosely based upon a tobacco suit brought years earlier in ... Free Essays on The Runaway Jury Free Essays on The Runaway Jury The Runaway Jury John Grisham, author of The Runaway Jury, is considered by many as the â€Å"king of the legal thriller† (Runaway). He brings a background to his writing that earns him this title honestly. Born February 8, 1955, in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Grisham grew up with hopes of becoming a professional baseball player. Some time later he realized that he was not talented enough for the job, so he enrolled in college. After graduating from the University of Mississippi, he attended law school and in 1981, earned a law degree. He practiced law for nearly a decade, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation. During this time, his interest turned to politics, and in 1983, he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives where he served two terms (John). While in office, Grisham began writing his first novel, A Time to Kill, which was published in 1989. With that book’s success, he decided to give up his job as a politician to become a full-time nov elist, publishing a book nearly every year from that time on. The Runaway Jury, his seventh book, was published in 1996 (Grisham). In all, Grisham has written fifteen books. Six of those books have been made into movies (Movies). Currently in production, â€Å"Runaway Jury† is expected to be released in 2003 (Yahoo). In 1996, Grisham returned to the courtroom one last time, this time to represent the family of a railroad brakeman who was killed when he was pinned between two of the railcars. This resulted in Grisham’s biggest win to date with an award of $683,500 to his client (John). Even when Grisham is not writing, he is extremely busy. He divides his time between his family, charity work and refereeing on one of the six ball fields he built for the twenty-six Little League teams in his area. The Runaway Jury is the story of a tobacco trial set in Biloxi, Mississippi, and is loosely based upon a tobacco suit brought years earlier in ...

Attendance at a local seminar (report) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attendance at a local seminar (report) - Essay Example â€Å"Project management is a carefully planned and organized effort to accomplish a successful project,† (Lonergan, K) Walters explained, stressing on the dire need of project managers in the industry. Walters further informed the students about different factors which influence the success of a project. They were Project team, sponsor, customer, programme manager, operations and the sellers. He mentioned that there were three crucial points related to project management also known as â€Å"triple constraint.† They are known as time, cost and scope. Walter mentioned the Work-Braeakdown-Structure where he described the project management tools, including, common sense, eyes, ears and all the other senses. He clearly noted that â€Å"trust but verify.† Dear Client, I have written what all I could understand from the pdf’s. If you think I am missing on some points do let me know. Apart from that, if you think I can pick up matter from the internet, I would do that. Let me

Analyze formation of Canada's trade policy or environmental policies Essay

Analyze formation of Canada's trade policy or environmental policies with respect to domestic political and economic forces. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages - Essay Example The main advantage of environment regulation through command-and-control intervention is political support despite its inefficient features. It has high symbolic value for public that identifies prohibition with higher efficiency than taxing pollution discharge. It favors existing industries with political leverage and acts a barrier for new firms. Most importantly it identifies it as cost effective measures that would not pose charges directly to the public. It gives discretionary powers to the bureaucracy which is politically motivated. The exemptions from strict laws are used as tools for negotiation for political gains. The major disadvantage of the command-and-control measure is that it promotes inequality and inefficiency in the garb of perceived costs. It is also a short term policy that deters new firms to be innovative in effluent discharge. From the economists’ perspectives, effluent charges would remove disparity and would act as discouragement for high discharge of pollutants by industries at large. Its results could only be seen on long term basis, hence, it is not favored by political forces. (words:

World War II Essay Example for Free

World War II Essay In retrospect, there is no doubt that Japanese Americans were discrimated against during World War II. From almost the first moment they arrived in this country, many white people had negative feelings about them. With the negative feelings of wartime escalating, the Japanese internment seemed just the thing to do in order to be proactive in the war. At least that is what government officials told themselves and sold the American public on. The government was able to intern the Japanese because of a long history of prejudice, wartime hysteria, and economic motives. The Japanese were discriminated against in many ways. One way is that they were the only group interned during World War II. Japan did bomb Pearl Harbor, but these were Japanese Americans that were interned with absolutely no proof that they were ever plotting against the United States. The United States was also pitted against Germany and Italy and these citizens were never interned. This is because those people has assimilated and become part of the population at large. Interning Germans would have included interning people like icon Joe DiMaggio’s father. The Japanese were much easier to identify and single out as a group. They could not assimilate because government policies had singled them out and they were not allowed to marry or otherwise mix with the general population. Many United States citizens had always harbored negative feelings toward the Japanese. As early as 1900, the San Francisco mayor James Duval Phelan spoke out publicly against the Japanese. He said, â€Å"The Japanese are starting the same tide of immigration which we thought we had checked twenty years ago†¦Personally we have nothing against the Japanese, but as they will not assimilate with us and their social life is different from ours, let them keep a respectful distance† (Yancey 15). ). By 1905, being greatly influenced by all the sensationalism in the newspapers, Western legislators made statements like â€Å"Japanese laborers, by reason of race habits, mode of living, disposition and general characteristics, are undesirable†¦They contribute nothing to the growth of the state. They add nothing to its wealth, and they are a blight on the prosperity of it, and a great and impeding danger to its welfare† (Daniels 11). This is to say nothing of the fact that they were stripped of all their civil liberties when they were interned. They were herded like cattle into first assembly centers and then internment camps. They could pack only what they could carry; they were forced into tight quarters with little or no privacy. They were surrounded by armed guards and barbed wire fences. They had basically no rights for as long as four years. Most of the Japanese Americans did not struggle or resist in any way. They went along willingly with the government orders because they wanted to prove their loyalties to this country. They resisted this discrimination by doing exactly what was asked of them. Once they were in the internment camps, they went about coping with their lives the best way they knew how. Typically this included how to improve their situation. they formed. Mary Tsukamoto describes a typical day at the camps. â€Å"A typical day in an internment camp such as Jerome would begin with families getting up. Remember we did not have any water in our rooms. We just had one light bulb and a small stove. We had to get dressed and go to the middle of the block to use the toilet, wash up and take showers. Usually there were people waiting in lines. After you brushed your teeth and cleaned up, you had to go to a separate building for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. They had two sessions. If you were late or forgot your ticket, you could not eat. We stood in line for the food, which was served on metal trays, and we sat at long wooden tables with benches. There really wasnt much to do the rest of the time. My dad ran the recreation center for our block. Mother organized and coordinated YWCA (Young Womens Christian Association) and USO activities. The USO was organized to welcome Nisei soldiers who were visiting their families. At night we would stay in our room. We didnt have TV in those days. And we did not have a radio† (Tsukamoto). In Farewell to Manzanar, Houston points out other details, like the kitchens being badly ventilated so that food spoiled quickly so that many people constantly had the â€Å"Manzanar runs† (Houston 27). There were many other ways in which Manzanar totally upended their lives before the camps. Because they had to endure this unusual treatment, they were discriminated against. One of the ideas Tsukamoto highlights is that people had to wait in line for everything—to eat, to use the bathroom, etc. Life was basically one monotony after another although internees did all kinds of things to improve their environments from beginning educational courses to starting baseball leagues to planting gardens. They actually built baseball fields themselves and formed leagues to play baseball. They did everything they could to make their lives seem as normal as possible. They formed their own neighborhoods inside the walls of these camps that functioned much like neighborhoods on the outside with their own beauty shops, produce stores, newspaper, etc. It has been proven in retrospect that the Japanese were discriminated against. According to information from the web site densho. org, â€Å"In 1983, however, a U. S. congressional commission uncovered evidence from the 1940s proving that there had been no military necessity for the unequal, unjust treatment of Japanese Americans during WWII. The commission reported that the causes of the incarceration were rooted in â€Å" race prejudice, war hysteria and a failure of political leadership. [2] Works Cited Recommendations section, Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. (1982. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997), page 459. Tsuakamoto, Mary. And Justice for All: an oral history of the Japanese detention camps. Houston, James. Farewell to Manzanar, Japanese American Legacy Project. http://www. densho. org

Voltaires Affect on Modern Western Society Essay -- Fracois Marie Aro

â€Å"I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to death your right to say it,† were the famous words of Fracois Marie Arouet, more commonly known under the pen name of Voltaire. He was known for being very outspoken and rebellious, which got him into trouble with the authorities for most of his life. Voltaire advocated the French bourgeoisie as being ineffective, the aristocracy as being corrupt, and the commoners as being too superstitious. Voltaire’s beliefs on freedom and reason is what ultimately led to the French Revolution, the United States Bill of Rights, and the decrease in the power of the Catholic Church, which have all affected modern western society. The French Revolution was a period of upheaval in France, during which the French governmental structure and Catholic clergy underwent a large change due to Enlightenment ideas. The commoners of France began to revolt after hearing the ideas of famous philosophes like Voltaire. Voltaire was a deist who believed that the Catholic Church and its doctrines were not to be trusted since they used propoganda to get followers rather than the actual religion. He believed it was unfair that there wasn’t any religious freedom since you were expected to be a Catholic. He spoke openly about this, which of course got him into a lot of trouble. Nevertheless, the French commoners took his word into thought and decided to act upon what he said by revolting against the church. Voltaire’s ideas also critized royal absolutism because they had, in his opinion, too much power. He favored an elightened absolutist, which is an absolutist who adopts Enlightenment ideas. Once again, the French commoners took this to heart and agreed with Voltaire that the French government was too ... ... to make you commit injustices.† Voltaire studied natural sciences and reason because he was against supestition. Although he advocated religious tolerance, he believed that any one church should not have absolute power. By the time he was executed, he had already brought about the end of the power and right of the church to torture France. People in France still are not as faithful to the Catholic Church as they had been before Voltaire had introduced them to the idea of â€Å"reasoning†. The Enlightenment is held to be the source of many modern ideas, such as the primary values of freedom and reason. The views of philosophers such as Voltaire are considered to be the source of many essential changes in countries such as America and France. His views on religion, government, and freedom are what people remember most because they have not died out in today’s society. Voltaire's Affect on Modern Western Society Essay -- Fracois Marie Aro â€Å"I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to death your right to say it,† were the famous words of Fracois Marie Arouet, more commonly known under the pen name of Voltaire. He was known for being very outspoken and rebellious, which got him into trouble with the authorities for most of his life. Voltaire advocated the French bourgeoisie as being ineffective, the aristocracy as being corrupt, and the commoners as being too superstitious. Voltaire’s beliefs on freedom and reason is what ultimately led to the French Revolution, the United States Bill of Rights, and the decrease in the power of the Catholic Church, which have all affected modern western society. The French Revolution was a period of upheaval in France, during which the French governmental structure and Catholic clergy underwent a large change due to Enlightenment ideas. The commoners of France began to revolt after hearing the ideas of famous philosophes like Voltaire. Voltaire was a deist who believed that the Catholic Church and its doctrines were not to be trusted since they used propoganda to get followers rather than the actual religion. He believed it was unfair that there wasn’t any religious freedom since you were expected to be a Catholic. He spoke openly about this, which of course got him into a lot of trouble. Nevertheless, the French commoners took his word into thought and decided to act upon what he said by revolting against the church. Voltaire’s ideas also critized royal absolutism because they had, in his opinion, too much power. He favored an elightened absolutist, which is an absolutist who adopts Enlightenment ideas. Once again, the French commoners took this to heart and agreed with Voltaire that the French government was too ... ... to make you commit injustices.† Voltaire studied natural sciences and reason because he was against supestition. Although he advocated religious tolerance, he believed that any one church should not have absolute power. By the time he was executed, he had already brought about the end of the power and right of the church to torture France. People in France still are not as faithful to the Catholic Church as they had been before Voltaire had introduced them to the idea of â€Å"reasoning†. The Enlightenment is held to be the source of many modern ideas, such as the primary values of freedom and reason. The views of philosophers such as Voltaire are considered to be the source of many essential changes in countries such as America and France. His views on religion, government, and freedom are what people remember most because they have not died out in today’s society.

Milkweed

Stephanie Flores Per 2 Milkweed Book Report The book my class was told to do our book reports was on Milkweed. This book is written by the famous author Jerri Spinelli. In this novel, there are three main characters which are Misha Pilsudski, Janina Milgrom, and Uri. Misha is a young boy in the beginning of the story that has no family, lives on streets, and steals food from people to stay alive. He later joins a big group of kids who also steal food, and they live together in places that are abandoned. The leader of this group in called Uri. Uri is a very intelligent, young man who has red haired. Since he doesn’t look like a Jew, he ends up becoming a Jackboot at the end of the story. Janina Milgrom is a Jewish little girl who meets Misha when he steals food from her garden. This book is set in the year 1939 when World War 2 is barley starting out in Warsaw, Poland. It’s happens during the Holocaust. Another possible theme for this book is that your identity means everything. Before Uri named Misha, Misha was a nobody. He had no friends, and he just kept on running for forever. His identity was born when Uri gave him his name and his fake life story under the barbershop. Misha was very proud of his identity, and when somebody asked him who he was, he said his story it like it was the greatest thing in the world to him. One event in the story that contradicts this is when Uncle Shepsel tries to give up his identity as a Jew. His efforts were pretty good, but they still weren’t successful in the end. The last possible theme that I think is good for this book is to never have fear and if you do have fear, you won’t survive. One event that supports this theme is when Uri tells the other orphan boys that if you have fear you won’t survive on the streets. This is true because if the boys had fear to steal the food from stores and people they would mess-up a lot or not even do it. If that happened, they would either get caught and killed, or just end up starving cause of hunger. They key point of stealing the food was to be invisible and if you had fear, you wouldn’t be invisible. I learned many things about the historical events that occurred in this story. I learned that all the Jews had to move to a place called â€Å"the Ghetto†. It seems weird that people can be so mean to others just because they’re a different religion but they’re still good people on the inside. Another thing I learned was what the Holocaust was. I never really understood what it was, and surprisingly it’s very interesting to learn about once you get deeper into it. I’m actually very shocked in learning how the way people used to live during those times. It’s crazy to think that little kids my age and even younger would be living in the streets stealing food for a way to survive. Also it’s unbelievable, how it says that a lot of different families can would be sharing space in a tiny room. I was very surprised while reading this book because I didn’t think I would end up liking it. It was actually very good, and it taught me many things I didn’t know about how times were in other places back then. I liked how the author described everything very detailed, and while I was reading the book I could picture some events in my time. It got me thinking of how fortunate I am right now, in having all the things I have. One thing I didn’t like was that the chapters were very short and it would make it harder for me to stop reading it. I would recommend this book to my friends. Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli was an overall good book.

Learn the Basics of Earthquakes

Earthquakes are natural ground motions caused as the Earth releases energy. The science of earthquakes is seismology, study of shaking in scientific Greek. Earthquake energy comes from the stresses of plate tectonics. As plates move, the rocks on their edges deform and take up strain until the weakest point, a fault, ruptures, and releases the strain. Earthquake Types and Motions Earthquake events come in three basic types, matching the three basic types of fault. The fault motion during earthquakes is called slip or coseismic slip. Strike-slip events involve sideways motion—that is, the slip is in the direction of the faults strike, the line it makes on the ground surface. They may be right-lateral (dextral) or left-lateral (sinistral), which you tell by seeing which way the land moves on the other side of the fault.Normal events involve downward movement on a sloping fault as the faults two sides move apart. They signify extension or stretching of the Earths crust.Reverse or thrust events involve upward movement, instead, as the faults two sides move together. Reverse motion is steeper than a 45-degree slope, and thrust motion is shallower than 45 degrees. They signify compression of the crust. Earthquakes can have an oblique slip that combines these motions. Earthquakes dont always break the ground surface. When they do, their slip creates an offset. Horizontal offset is called heave and vertical offset is called throw. The actual path of fault motion over time, including its velocity and acceleration, is called fling. Slip that occurs after a quake is called postseismic slip. Finally, slow slip that occurs without an earthquake is called creep. Seismic Rupture The underground point where the earthquake rupture begins is the focus or hypocenter. The epicenter of an earthquake is the point on the ground directly above the focus. Earthquakes rupture a large zone of a fault around the focus. This rupture zone may be lopsided or symmetrical. Rupture may spread outward evenly from a central point (radially), or from one end of the rupture zone to the other (laterally), or in irregular jumps. These differences partly control the effects that an earthquake has at the surface. The size of the rupture zone—that is, the area of fault surface that ruptures—is what determines the magnitude of an earthquake. Seismologists map rupture zones by mapping the extent of aftershocks. Seismic Waves and Data Seismic energy spreads from the focus in three different forms: Compression waves, exactly like sound waves (P waves)Shear waves, like waves in a shaken jump rope (S waves)Surface waves resembling water waves (Rayleigh waves) or sideways shear waves (Love waves) P and S waves are body waves that travel deep in the Earth before rising to the surface. P waves always arrive first and do little or no damage. S waves travel about half as fast and may cause damage. Surface waves are slower still and cause the majority of the damage. To judge the rough distance to a quake, the time the gap between the P-wave thump and the S-wave jiggle and multiply the number of seconds by 5 (for miles) or 8 (for kilometers). Seismographs are instruments that make seismograms or recordings of seismic waves. Strong-motion seismograms are made with rugged seismographs in buildings and other structures. Strong-motion data can be plugged into engineering models, to test a structure before it is built. Earthquake magnitudes are determined from body waves recorded by sensitive seismographs. Seismic data is our best tool for probing the deep structure of the Earth. Seismic Measures Seismic intensity measures how bad an earthquake is, that is, how severe shaking is at a given place. The 12-point Mercalli scale is an intensity scale. Intensity is important for engineers and planners. Seismic magnitude measures how big an earthquake is, that is, how much energy is released in seismic waves. Local or Richter magnitude ML is based on measurements of how much the ground moves and moment magnitude Mo is a more sophisticated calculation based on body waves. Magnitudes are used by seismologists and the news media. The focal mechanism beachball diagram sums up the slip motion and the faults orientation. Earthquake Patterns Earthquakes cannot be predicted, but they have some patterns. Sometimes foreshocks precede quakes, though they look just like ordinary quakes. But every large event has a cluster of smaller aftershocks, which follow well-known statistics and can be forecasted. Plate tectonics successfully explains where earthquakes are likely to occur. Given good geologic mapping and a long history of observations, quakes can be forecasted in a general sense, and hazard maps can be made showing what degree of shaking a given place can expect over the average life of a building. Seismologists are making and testing theories of earthquake prediction. Experimental forecasts are beginning to show modest but significant success at pointing out impending seismicity over periods of months. These scientific triumphs are many years from practical use. Large quakes make surface waves that may trigger smaller quakes great distances away. They also change stresses nearby and affect future quakes. Earthquake Effects Earthquakes cause two major effects: shaking and slip. Surface offset in the largest quakes can reach more than 10 meters. Slip that occurs underwater can create tsunamis. Earthquakes cause damage in several ways: Ground offset can cut lifelines that cross faults: tunnels, highways, railroads, powerlines, and water mains.Shaking is the greatest threat. Modern buildings can handle it well through earthquake engineering, but older structures are prone to damage.Liquefaction occurs when shaking turns the solid ground into mud.Aftershocks can finish off structures damaged by the main shock.Subsidence can disrupt lifelines and harbors; invasion by the sea can destroy forests and croplands. Earthquake Preparation and Mitigation Earthquakes cannot be predicted, but they can be foreseen. Preparedness saves misery; earthquake insurance and conducting earthquake drills are examples. Mitigation saves lives; strengthening buildings is an example. Both can be done by households, companies, neighborhoods, cities, and regions. These things require a sustained commitment of funding and human effort, but that can be hard when large earthquakes may not occur for decades or even centuries in the future. Support for Science The history of earthquake science follows notable earthquakes. Support for research surges after major quakes and is strong while memories are fresh but gradually dwindles until the next Big One. Citizens should ensure steady support for research and related activities like geologic mapping, long-term monitoring programs, and strong academic departments. Other good earthquake policies include retrofitting bonds, strong building codes and zoning ordinances, school curricula, and personal awareness.